Nicolas Humphrey 氏の主張を読む 1
The hard problem of consciousness is to explain the experience of qualia. But everything gets easier once we realise that what has to be explained is not how qualia can exist as objective entities but rather why the conscious subject should believe that they exist. This essay lays out a programme for doing this. It makes radical proposals as to how the “qualia illusion” is created, and why sustaining this illusion is biologically adaptive.
No one doubts that our experience of phenomenal consciousness ― the felt redness of fire, the felt sweetness of a peach, the felt pain of a bee sting ― arises from the activity of our brains. Yet the problem of explaining how this can be so has seemed to many theorists to be staggeringly hard. How can the wine of consciousness ― the weird, ineffable, immaterial qualia that give such richness to subjective experience ― conceivably arise from the water of the brain? As Colin McGinn has put it, it is like trying to explain how you can get “numbers from biscuits, or ethics from rhubarb”.1) Jerry Fodor has recently claimed “The revisions of our concepts and theories that imagining a solution will eventually require are likely to be very deep and very unsettling. There is hardly anything that we may not have to cut loose from before the hard problem is through with us”.2)
If you smell theoretical panic, you would be right. But are the scientific an-swers really so far out of reach? Have people been beguiled by the truly marvellous properties of consciousness into asking for the moon, while what is at issue is really much more down to earth? Everybody says they are waiting for the Big Idea. But perhaps the big idea should be that consciousness, which is of such significance to us subjectively, is scientifically not such a big deal at all (though, as you will see, I think there would have to be several subsidiary big ideas contained within this). It all depends on asking the right questions at the outset. Let me show the difference between good questions and bad ones in this context, with a familiar example. The picture below (Fig. 1) shows a solid wooden version of the so-called impossible triangle.